Online School Portal Essay Example

Online School Portal Essay Example Online School Portal Essay Online School Portal Essay ASP. NET PROJECT DOCUMENTATION QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ONLINE STUDENT PORTAL FOR QUEZON CITY POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY DEVELOPERS Argete, Elma R. Chenilla, Jomar P. Duran, Mel Jane A. Junio, Jeno I. Osorio, Shekinah Roebec M. Tabotabo, Robin James A. Table of Contents Page 1 INTRODUCTION1 1. 1Background of the Company2 1. 2Rationale3 1. 3General Objectives3 2SCOPE OF THEPROJECT4 2. 1Website Design and Development4 2. 2Information System6 2. 3Maintenance, Repair, and Operations7 2. 4Documentation8 3TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS8 3. 1System Architecture8 3. Application Features and Capabilities9 4FINANCIAL ASPECT9 ANNEX A10 ANNEX B11 1 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, we are living in a fast paced world where everything is done instantly; from computing of single datum to complex calculations that human mind can imagine. The turn of the century can be marked as a revolution of information. The switch from manual to computerized recording and distribution o f records and information has led to a significant increase in public knowledge. Many institutions and organizations benefit greatly from this information which needed to be stored processed and distributed. A very good example of institution that needs to handle vast amount of information are the school universities. An online student portal is one of the essential parts of a school. As technology evolves alongside, the information revolution, the power of computer makes it easy to distribute and view information needed with just a few clicks. Quezon City Polytechnic University handles a lot of students, since it increases annually, the dissemination of information can be very hard. Handling large amount of information can be managed with the use of a computerized system. We, the proponents, decided to propose an Online Student Portal for Quezon City Polytechnic University. This system will help the school to get-in-touch with their students and also increase the enrollment for the coming years because the school profile can be easily promoted via internet. 1. 1 Background of the Company Quezon City Polytechnic University (QCPU) is a Local university founded by Quezon City government. QCPU was established on March 1, 1994 and formerly known as the Quezon City Polytechnic. The Quezon City Polytechnic came into existence on March 1, 1994  by virtue of the City Council Ordinance No. SP-171 an institution to primarily undertake the training and development of qualified technicians and skilled workers. The Three-Year Technician Curriculum was introduced in the SY 1994-1995 designed to develop highly competent technicians for industry in the areas of Automotive Technology, Electrical Technology, Welding Technology, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Technology, and Fashion Technology. Added to the Three-Year Curriculum in the school year that followed were Electronics Technology, Mechanical Technology or Machine Shop, Computer Technology and an industry-led pilot course in Boiler Technology. The QCP established its reputation among local government units as a show window and model technology-based institution paving the way for its recognition of the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) and developing a strong alliance with the Korea-Philippines Information Technology Center (KorPhil). KorPhil is a premier ICT training center in the Asia-Pacific region, powered by state-of-the-art Korean technology complemented by Filipino ingenuity. It was facilitated by a $4. million grant from Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) to the Philippines Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). This center was officially inaugurated by His Excellency President ROH MOO HYUN of the Republic of Korea and Her Excellency President GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO of the Republic of the Philippines on December 16, 2005 during the incumbency of Hon. Secretary AUGUSTO BOY SYJUCO, Tesda Director General and Hon. FELICIANO R. BELMONTE JR. , Mayor of Quezo n City. In 2001, Ordinance SP – 1030 created a charter for the establishment of  Quezon City  Polytechnic  University. QCPU started its operation by offering one (1) year programs and short term courses. By the year 2005, QCPU started offering college degree courses. Right now, QCPU prides itself in providing employment to its graduates and serves as a tool for national development, particularly in Quezon City. At present, under the leadership of Mayor Feliciano Belmonte, Jr. , starting SY 2005, meaningful access to higher education is now possible with a ladderized concept of pursuing higher education. The idea is that every person should have the opportunity for education and training commensurate to his abilities. 1. 2 Rationale The development of this study is done for the Quezon City Polytechnic University to have a student portal that will enable students access various information regarding school activities, announcements and even have their own account with the use of a website. 1. 3 General Objectives The study aims to provide an on-line student portal for QCPU in helping them to access their school information anytime with the use of internet. Specific Objectives To let the student view study-related information, allowing them to update their personal details online to ensure they won’t miss any important University correspondence. * To be able to access Student Portal from any computer within the University or off-campus at any time with an internet connection. * To store and retrieve data of the student. * To integrate information into a systematic way of browsin g the schools updates of events using World Wide Web. * To develop portals in online scheme to link the students and the university departments regarding with the enrollment process. SCOPE OF THEPROJECT 2. 4 Website Design and Development Using the Student Portal, the service provider will make available the following during the development of the website: * The system provides log-in and log-out for security purposes. * Covers information of the students including their exams results, grades, schedules, and their school profiles. * Provides posting of announcement to update every student about school events, activities and programs. Specifically, it will provide facility on the following sections: Main Page Home: is the main page of a website which gives detailed information of the company, it also provides links to its other parts. * Latest News: This section they post the latest news about the school. School Profile Section * These sections have a sub link which includes the comp any information, company hymn, department and offices, mission, vision, core values, university officials, and student council. Academics Section * These sections have a sub link which includes the Bachelor degrees, 5 months programs, admissions, technical and vocational studies, 2 months programs, and entrance exam results. Students Section * Have a sub links which includes the organizations, publications, enrollment dates, and SIS. SIS Modules Section * Have a sub link named student. QCPU Campuses Section * In these sections you’ll see the pictures of every campus. 2. 5 Information System Information system is any written electronic or graphical method of communicating information. The basis of information system is the sharing and processing of information and ideas. Computer and telecommunication technologies have become essential information system components. Information systems are combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks that people build and use to collect, create and distribute useful data, information and knowledge, typically in organizational settings. Organization use information system for a variety of reasons: to gain competitive advantage, reach more customers, or improve services. Most modern business depends heavily on information system, from employee e-mail to database management to e-commerce websites. Some IT folks work behind the scenes to make sure that all the information systems being taken for granted run smoothly. Others help design these information systems according to an organization’s needs. And still others make sure that this information to the user in a clear, useful, and dynamic way. 2. 6 Maintenance, Repair, and Operations Supplies consumed in the production process but which do not either become part of the end product or are not central to the firm’s output. MRO items include consumables (such as cleaning, laboratory, or office supplies), industrial equipment (such as compressors, pump valves) and plant upkeep (such as gaskets, lubricants, repair tools), and computers, fixtures, furniture, etc. MRO items are used in production and maintenance and can be items such as maintenance supplies, spare parts, and consumables used in the production process. These items can be either valuated or non-valuated and depending on the value of the items no physical in inventory performed. MRO in business context, it is a catch-all term for the sourcing and procurement of miscellaneous, such as spare parts, stationery and ink cartridges. Maintenance, Repair and Operation work keeps a business run smoothly. A computer manufacturing business, for example, could not function without ready supply spare components for faulty or broken machines. . 7 Documentation Documentation is the usually printed instructions, comments, and information for using a particular piece or system of computer software or hardware. It is the materials that provides official information or evidences that serves as a records. Documentation is the written specifications and instructions accompanying a product, especially a computer program or hardware. Documentation is now often built directly into the product as part of the users interface and in help pages. 2 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS 3. 8 System Architecture ) Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) which specifically uses Structured Query Language (SQL) to access and manipulate the databases for rapid generation of exception and on-demand reports and development or other query programs. b) Client/Server Architecture where application subsystems integrate with the workflow and information are easily accessed and retrieved through the LAN 3. 9 Application Features and Capabilities The applications have the following features and capabilities: A) The application is fully developed, running, customizable, and have the following features: i) Secured Login. The system will authorized users of the application to log in with their student number and password in order to enter the portal. Without the right combination of these two login requirements, any unauthorized access of the portal will be impossible. ii) Access Rights. This involves the granting of rights of access to the system or command of the application of authorized users by the designated System Administrator. The system also limits or widens the admission of specific users to specific activities or transactions without the assistance of the designated computer programmer. FINANCIAL ASPECT ANNEX A ESTIMATED PROJECT COST ASSUMPTIONS Requirement| No. of Unit| Unit Cost| Total Cost| Application Systems-Web Development-Information System| | | | Maintenance Cost| | | | Documentation and User Training| | | | Total Cost| | | | ANNEX B GANTT CHART Activity| Month 1| Month 2| Month 3| Month 4| Website Design and Development| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Information System| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Maintenance, Repair and Operation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Documentation| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Law of Evidence - Essay Example This is often done to preserve some fundamental elements of the constitutional conventions and legal traditions that have been preserved for generations in English law. This paper will examine the circumstances under which the burden of proof is reversed from the accuser to the accused. It will also identify how the court rationalise their decisions in these circumstances and situations. A tradition upheld in English legal tradition is that an individual is innocent until proven guilty in criminal proceedings. This is the concept of the presumption of innocence which means that the burden of proof will be on the prosecution rather than the accused. This was made in the landmark ruling of Woolmington V DPP2 where the precedence was set for prosecutors to prove that a person had broken the law before any proceeding could commence in criminal law. The case of Woolmington V DPP indicated that the prosecution has two burdens of proof, evidential burden of proof and legal burden of proof3. The evidential burden of proof is the sensible proposition to assert there is a matter fit for the accused person to be prosecuted. However, that does not prevent the prosecution from presenting evidence during the actual trial. The evidential burden of proof is to ensure that a person arrested on a given charge is actually in breach of a valid law of the land. Evidential burden is meant to ensure that there is a compelling reason for the prosecution to go ahead. It is about the ability to link the accused to what s/he is actually being accused for. During the hearings, the prosecution must present evidence to support the claims on the basis of the points of law, presented by the judge. In other words, when examining the English legal system, it is apparent that cases are presented to judges who present the facts to the jury who in turn scrutinize the facts and come up with a verdict. Thus, evidential proof and

The study in economic factors affecting on the value of Stock Exchange Literature review

The study in economic factors affecting on the value of Stock Exchange of Thailand Index (SET index) - Literature review Example Ross states that the theory predicts the returns on assets and the other risk factors. The theory allows determining the relationship between return of a portfolio and return of an asset. The theory has been applied to determine macroeconomic factors to determine stock through examining seven macroeconomic variables that are risk premium, industrial production, inflation, market return, consumption, and oil prices. The results depict a positive relation between macroeconomic variables and stock return. The fundamental concept in arbitrage pricing theory is the ‘law of one price’ that is, that the two assets cannot be sold  at different prices. The theory determines simpler version than the Capital Asset pricing model in which one operating system affects the returns. Arbitrage pricing theory determines investor’s preference towards risks. Azzez & Yonezawa (2006) study investigates the empirical evidence for the pricing of macroeconomic factors in the Japanese St ock market using APT model. The model determines pre- and post- bubble period of the stock market and determine the relationship between the macroeconomic factors and stock returns (Azeez & Yonezawa, 2006). The study of Zhu (2012) illustrates the impacts of macroeconomic factor (returns of the energy sector in Shanghai. The main objective of the study id to determine the influence of macroeconomic factors on the stock market, it focuses on the exchange rate, industrial production, bonds, exports, imports foreign reserve and the unemployment rate (Zhu, 2012). Quantitative methodology was adopted to conduct a study, and the data was gathered from secondary sources such as, National Bureau of Statistic of China, People’s Bank of China for a consecutive period of 2005-2011. Arbitrage Pricing Theory has been applied to determine the returns of assets and risks. The finding of the study reveals that the exchange rate, export, foreign reserves and the unemployment rate

Illegal Immigration Essay Essay Example for Free

Illegal Immigration Essay Essay Almost all of us can say we are children of immigrants. Either our great grandparents or grandparents came to America for a better life. We know that the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island are the symbols of that great dream that so many sought so many years ago. During a visit to Ellis Island last summer I learned that during the early 1900’s we encouraged immigration because it was a time when our country’s territory had grown and we needed more people to help with the continued development of our country. Today, however, we find that immigration is not seen as a positive for our country, but rather it is unquestionably considered a problem today in America. Immigration law is in the news a lot and immigration policy is a big topic discussed in congress; it is even a major issue for Obama’s administration. Some people in government believe that we should â€Å"close the door† and reduce the amount of people coming into our country; especially as it relates to the problems we have had with terrorist activities. But, I believe that the main problem with immigration is not the legal immigrants who come here following the rules, but rather it’s the illegal immigrants who sneak into our country over borders and then put a burden on our social services and do harm to our country. So, what is the solution? Currently there are almost 12 million illegal immigrants in America and that makes it just too expensive and a big project to just deport all of them at one time, so we need a better plan; something must be done. Illegal immigration inflicts a great threat to America. Aside from the belief that illegal immigrants are stealing jobs from our own citizens and the legal immigrants, but some illegal immigrants are causing crimes. In a 2006 study from January 1999 to April 2006 about 260,000 illegal immigrants committed almost 1 million sex offenses in America. Also illegal immigrants today make up 30% prison population in America. A topic that has been on the news often in other states where there is a lot of illegal immigrant crime is overcrowding of prisons. Many illegal immigrants are coming over and cause crimes and endangering the American citizens. But not all illegal immigrants are bad some illegal immigrants are here because they are trying to make a better live for themselves. Illegal immigration also has a great cost as well. Illegal immigrant households imposed, in total, costs exceeding $26 billion for the federal government, while these immigrants paid only 16 billion dollars in federal taxes, therefore creating a fiscal deficit of $10. 4 billion per year at the federal level. The largest contributors to this deficit were Medicaid with $2. 5 billion, medical treatment for the uninsured with $2. 2 billion, food-assistance programs with $1. billion, the federal prison and court systems with $1. 6 billion, and federal aid to schools with $1. 4 billion. While I believe there are too many illegal immigrants to have them all deported, I do think that those illegal immigrants who are taking up criminal activities are the ones that should be deported; rather than put in our already overcrowded jails. I think the other illegal immigrants who actually want to become a citizen and make a life for themselves should be able to come forward, and if they pass criminal background checks and pay fees and penalties, they can then be eligible for a provisional legal status. Agricultural workers and those who entered as children should also be eligible for the same program. This would provide a process and a way to control the amount of people coming to the country. These individuals would wait until existing legal immigrations become citizens, then they can get in line to become a legal immigrant. I think another thing that could be done is have a startup visa for immigrants who want to come here and start a business. If their business does grow further and is successfu, they should then have the option to stay permanently. This would create more jobs and strengthen the community. I think we should also have programs set up that would help new immigrants coming over find jobs or a list of people to call for work. I also think we should have programs to verify the eligibility of a worker to help employers find people who are available to work. In the president’s plan he had a program called E-verify . I agree with his plan to expand the use of this program. One of the last things I think we should have in our immigration policy is something that encourages education. For example, immigrant children who attend college could also earn credit toward citizenship. I also believe that all immigrants filing for permanent status should also be required to learn English within 5 years of their arrival. It’s crazy that our country spends all that money and time with â€Å"English as second language† classes in schools and in communities. If I decided to go live in Italy, that government would not start to translate all their signs and advertising so that I could understand it. Nor would they pay for me to attend special classes to learn their language. If I decided to live and work in Italy, it would be my responsibility to learn the Italian language before I go there or attempt to become a citizen there. Unfortunately, immigration continues to be a problem mainly because our country can’t handle the huge influx of people wanting to come here. Although our country was founded by â€Å"immigrants†, we no longer are capable of dealing with all the other issues like education, jobs, healthcare and housing, that come with allowing more people to come to our country, I understand there is no easy answer, but I do think we need to make sure we are protecting our country and our citizens first.

Portrayal of Asian Americans in the Media Essay -- Stereotyping Asian

Abstract My research focused on the coverage of Asian Americans in contemporary mass media. The following types of media were researched:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Music  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Films  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Magazines I gave several examples where Asian Americans were used to play very simple characters. These roles were defined by stereotypes that exist in America. I also researched instances on counter actions taken by Asian Americans to protest against these negative images. My research also has examples of Asians that have succeeded in breaking through the racial barriers in the media. The results show that even though racial stereotyping still exists in various forms of mass media, there are signs that show noticeable improvement on allowing a more balanced image of Asian Americans. Statement of the Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are close to 12 million Asian Americans living in the United States (U.S. Asian, 2000). Asian Americans are considered one of the fastest growing minorities (Pimentel, 2001). Between 1990 and 1999, the Asian population rose 43% (Census, 2000). However, Asian Americans are still portrayed in a simplistic manner by the American media, which in turn, promotes stereotyping. I have researched various types of mass media in the United States, such as: music, films, television and magazines. I will focus on several examples where Asian Americans are portrayed in a negative way. Furthermore, I will give examples of musicians, and independent films that prove Asian Americans have potential on what they can contribute to in the American media. Finally, I will recommend different ways to rid the stereotype put on Asian Americans by actions that can be taken, not only pertaining to Asians, but to other ethnicities that face stereotypes on their culture. Background History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Music in every country has a history going back hundreds of years. It is an excellent type of entertainment that any person can enjoy. America being such a diverse country, any person regardless of race or gender needs to be given a fair shot in an opportunity to showcase his or her talent. However, there is a lack of Asians Americans represented in America. Asian Americans must go above and beyond on what is expected in the industry, compared to white and black Americans who seem to have it much easier. â€Å"Always, it is the Asian who assimilates, who must explain his or her prese... ...ty in televised international athletic events.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (1995). Retrieved December 9, 2004 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.aafla.org/9arr/ResearchReports/ResearchReport4.htm Restrictive portrayals of asians in the media and how to balance them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2004). Retrieved December 9, 2004 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.manaa.org/articles/stereo.html Thoughts on William Hung’s Inspiration. (2004, April 28).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retrieved December 9, 2004 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://modelminority.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=760 U.S. Asian Population. (2000). Retrieved December 15, 2004 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://print.infoplease.com/ipa/A0778584.html Wartofsky, A. (2004, December 1). Asian-American rapper isn’t downplaying heritage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Wichita Eagle. Retrieved December 15, 2004, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.kansas.com/mld/kansas/entertainment/10306249.htm Wu, F. H. (2002). Yellow: race in america beyond black and white. New York: Basic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Books. Xu, R. (2004 April, 19). Details magazine sparks protest. The Harvard Crimson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Retrieved December 16, 2004, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=358868 Zia, H. (2000). Asian american dreams. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Parenting Styles Essay

Researchers have studied parenting styles extensively. Many studies have aimed to find a greater connection that shows the impact of each parenting style on the development of the child and how its influence in various aspects of life including self-confidence, self-esteem, academic achievement, and personality. This study used previous empirical research to examine the various impacts of parenting styles on children’s developmental processes. This study begins with a review of the classical studies of Baumrind (1991) and Maccoby (2000). Maccoby used 12 scholarly articles published between 2007 and 2013. Many of the findings in the research support the notion that the authoritative parenting style is the most advantageous in child development. Parenting Styles and their Impact on Child Development Developmental psychologists are interested in comprehending how parents influence their children’s development. However, many of these psychologists have not yet found an actual cause and effect connection between the actions of parents and children’s behaviors. In various cases, researchers have observed that even children who are raised in drastically different environments grew up to have personalities that are very similar to one another. On the other hand, children who share a home and are raised in similar environments often grow up with extremely different personalities from one another. While this counterintuitive phenomenon exists, researchers have uncovered many connections between parenting styles and their effects on children. The effects of parenting styles on children were examined to determine whether parents have a significant impact on their children’s development. It is widely accepted from layman science that children learn many aspects and acquire many of their personality traits from their social lives and the environments in which they are brought up. The question that lingers is exactly how much parents actually influence their children in terms of genetics compared to their development after birth and throughout childhood? Psychologists agree that a child’s learning curve is partially based on the timetable at which development begins and is defined as how fast an infant learns to walk and talk, and progress through other developmental milestones. Society has made it the parents’ responsibility to develop their children according to the standards, morals, and values within each society. This responsibility includes teaching the children how to behave while at home, around friends and family, and while in public. Society expects children to act in a specific way, which may include not pestering their parents, behaving in an appropriate manner in public, and participating in household chores. However, the outcome of a child acting in such a way depends on how the parents have fostered these ideas within the child, which is a determinate to the growth and development of the child’s personality. A child’s development does not only depend on the environment and parenting styles involved. To some extent, predispositions such as genetics are also potential factors that can significantly impact growth and development of the child. This study used the classical works of Baumrind (1991), Maccoby (2000), and Martin as a framework upon which further research concerning this topic can be carried out. A thorough discussion of the work of these researchers provides the opportunity to draw conclusions in which to answer the following question: To what extent does parenting style impact on child development? Materials and Methods This research did not use an experimental study; rather, it is classified as a qualitative analysis in which a review of literature was conducted to draw conclusions on the research topic. Therefore, this study is more of a literature review in which previous works on the impact of parent styles on child development are discussed. For example, this study scrutinizes the works of Maccoby (2000) who obtained data from other studies and analyzed it to her specifications. Maccoby assessed several studies and found that the methods used include observations on child-parent interactions, interview, and reviews of various records of participants. This study used a minimum of 12 scholarly articles been published in the last 5 to 6 years using an empirical research method. This review allowed the researcher to make recommendations, based on recent research, on best practices in assessing the significance of parenting styles on child development. This study used only experimental studies to provide a basis of legitimacy based observed  data. Before recent research is assessed, a background of this topic is established by summarizing the classical works of Baumrind (1991), Maccoby, and Martin. Difference between Parenting Style and Practice Before the works of researchers are discussed, it is important to highlight the difference between parenting styles and parenting practices. According to Spera (2005), it is essential and imperative to comprehend the difference between parenting styles and parenting practices. Spera noted that parenting practices is defined as specific behaviors use to socialize with their children. An example of such socialization is when parents sit down with their children to guide them with their homework or when they set aside a specific time for reading or making school a top priority by attending school events such as parent-teacher conferences. These actions show that parents have a desire for their children to do well in school. On the other hand, parenting style is more of a characterization of the emotional climate that surrounds in the environment in which parents rear their children. According to Baumrind (1991), parenting styles can be characterized over several dimensions in which parental responsiveness and demand is asserted on the child. Baumrind, Maccoby, & Martin: Theories of Parenting Styles and Child Rearing Baumrind (1966) developed a theory on parenting styles that proposed that parents fall into one of three categories of parenting styles, authoritarian, indulgent, or authoritative. Baumrind later expanded this theory and included a fourth parenting style known as negligent. The typologies of Baumrind’s parenting styles were concluded after conducting extensive research using interviews and observations with parents and children. Participants included 32 middle class white families who were observed in a nursery school setting. The methods of naturalistic observation, parent interviews, and other research methods resulted in four important dimensions of parenting, disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication style, and expectations of maturity and control. Baumrind’s (1966) parenting styles included authoritarian, authoritative, indulgent/permissive, and negligent/uninvolved. The proposed parenting styles have different consequences on children regarding competence and development based on social and cognitive traits. Additionally, each style differs in terms of behaviors, standards, and values that parents expect  their children to adopt. Authoritarian Parenting Under the authoritarian parenting style, children are expected to follow a strict set of rules established by the parents. If the child fails to follow these rules, the parents will administer some sort of punishment. Observations suggest that parents who use this parenting style tend to fail when it comes to explaining the reason(s) behind their rules. When parents were asked to explain the reason(s) behind rules, the most common answer was, â€Å"I said so, that’s why.† These parents also tend to have high demands but are not very responsive of their children. According to Baumrind (1966), these parents tend to be obedience- and status-oriented, and they expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation. Authoritative Parenting The authoritative parenting style is similar to authoritarian as parents who operate under this style also have established rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow. However, this style differs in that it is more democratic in the sense that authoritative parents respond to their children and are willing to listen to questions that the children might have. For example, if a child were to fail to meet any of the established expectations, these parents would be more nurturing and forgiving, rather than simply administering a punishment. According to Baumrind (1966; 1991), these parents tend to monitor and impart clear standards concerning conduct and behavior. Additionally, these parents are not assertive but may be more intrusive and restrictive. The disciplinary methods of the parents are more supportive as they want their children to be assertive, socially responsible, self-regulated, and cooperative. Indulgent/Permissive Parenting Permissive parents tend to make very few demands on their children. These parents are known to rarely discipline their children because of their low expectations of maturity and self-control. These parents are also more responsive than they are demanding, and they are considered nontraditional and lenient. Parents known to use this style do not require mature behavior, allow considerable self-regulation, and tend to avoid confrontation. These parents are also nurturing and communicative with their children, and they are usually found taking the status of a friend rather than a parent. Negligent/Uninvolved Parenting Negligent or uninvolved parents tend to have very few to no demands, low responsiveness, and very little to no communication. These parents fulfill the basic needs of their children; however, they are very much detached from their children’s lives. Observed in extreme cases of negligent parenting, these parents might even reject or neglect the needs of their children. Baumrind’s (1966) initial study of child development has led other researchers to conduct studies to elaborate on this work. Maccoby (2000) found some impact of these parenting styles on children’s development. Maccoby’s work extended the research on the influence of parenting style and that of the genetic makeup of the child, which she proposed effects behavioral characteristics. Maccoby also proposed that genetics also influences the way in which parents treat their children. Maccoby (2000) used twin and adoption studies to provide a logical basis to estimate the strength of genetic effects. Her study found that heritability estimates for a given trait vary widely. Maccoby argued that basing assumptions on the strength of genetic factors were not enough because they are not sufficient to develop a basis to make such estimations because of additional environmental factors that are involved. If researchers make these assumptions, they will systematically underestimate parenting effects. Maccoby believed and established that children’s genetic predispositions and their parent’s parenting style are interconnected and that they function, which results in the overall effect of a child’s development. According to the studies conducted by Maccoby, each parenting style as the following influences on children: 1. Authoritarian parenting. This parenting style leads children to be very obedient and proficient. However, they will end up ranking lower in the amount of happiness, social competence, and self-esteem. 2. Authoritative parenting. Parents, who raise their children using this style, have children who are happier, capable, and successful individuals. 3. Permissive/Indulgent. Parents with this style of parenting will have children with low amounts of happiness and self-regulation. These children also have significant problems with authority and tend to perform  poorly in school. 4. Negligible/Uninvolved. Parents who use this style of parenting have children who rank the lowest across almost all domains of life. Many of these children demonstrate a lack of self-control, low self-esteem, and are known to be less competent than their peers. Many researchers agree that the authoritative parenting style is the most advantageous of all the parenting styles. When children comprehend and perceive their parents’ requests to be reasonable and fair, they are more likely to conducting themselves according to those requests (Bernstein, 2011). Another reason for the successfulness of this parenting style is that children are more likely to accept the rationale for behavior as their own, which results in a greater amount of self-control (Bernstein, 2011). Recent Studies Many recent studies have been conducted on the effects of parenting styles on the development of children. Such research has focused on the effects parenting styles have on in regards to academic performance and level of education. Hernandez (2013) examined the impact of parenting styles on self-efficacy and level of education among Latinos. The study included 199 participants who ranged in age from 25 to 79. The researcher used a correlational method to configure the effects of parenting. Hernandez found a positive correlation between the level of education of both parents and participants’ levels of education. Rinaldi and Howe (2012) found those mothers’ and fathers’ self-reported parenting styles explained 44% of the variance found among youngsters’ externalizing behaviors. Their study included 59 families with children aged 32 months. Recent studies have also shown that children’s externalizing behaviors are negatively and moderately associated with fathers’ authoritative styles, and positively associated with fathers’ authoritarian styles. Additionally, studies have shown that children’s internalizing behaviors are positively correlation with fathers’ authoritarian style of parenting (Schary, Cardinal, & Loprinizi, 2012a; 2012b, & Loprinizi, Schary, Beets, Leary, & Cardinal, 2013). Recent studies have found connections between parenting styles and child development, specifically, on school achievement. Kordi and Baharudin (2010) reviewed empirical studies on school-related achievements. The researchers found that the authoritative parenting style was highly associated with higher  levels of school achievement. However, Kordi and Baharudin noted that these findings are inconsistent between cultures and across various societies. Cramer (2002) examines the relationship between parenting styles and classroom motivation. The researcher found that mothers’ authoritative parenting was positively correlated with first graders’ mastery of concepts in motivation. Based on this finding, Cramer suggested that authoritative parenting leads to higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Conversely, fathers’ authoritarian parenting was significantly and positively correlated with first and third graders’ motivation and teachers’ perceptions of children’s classroom motivation (Cramer, 2002). Hong (2012) also expanded on Baumrind’s (1966; 1991) parenting styles and their effects on the children’s schooling. She examined the ways in which parenting style impacted child’s behavior and found that the influence yielded predictive effects on children’s academic achievements. Hong (2012) also found a correlation between parenting style and children’s behaviors, which eventually defines their academic achievements. The researcher also found that child’s academic achievement is a result of the mix between parenting style and parenting practices they exert in the child’s environment. Conclusion Although significant research has been conducted to find connections between parenting style and child development, more effort is needed to find an exact cause and effect relationship between these two variables. Through various studies were reviewed here, it seems that the authoritative parenting style produces the most advantageous and positive impacts on a child’s development and academic achievement. Exactly to what extent this parenting style has on children needs further study. To understand the extent of the influence of parenting styles better, the inclusion of parenting practices also need to be considered. Such research can be used to create practices for parents to follow, to aid their children in becoming fully developed adults and influence their development in a positive way. References Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37(4), 887-907. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95. Bernstein, D. A. (2011). Essentials of psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Cramer, K. E. (2002). The influences of parenting style on children’s classroom motivation. Retrieved from http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-0712102-125121/unrestricted /Cramer_thesis.pdf Hernandez, M. (2013). The impact of parenting styles on Latinos’ level of education and self-efficacy. Retrieved from http://gradworks.umi.com/1522577.pdf Hong, E. (2012). Impacts of parenting on children’s schooling. Journal of Student Engagement: Education Matters, 2, 36-41. Kordi, A., & Baharudin, R. (2010). Parenting attitude and style and its effect on children’s school achievements. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2, 217-222. Loprinizi, P. D., Schary, D. P., Beets, M. W., Leary, J., & Cardinal, B. J. (2012). Association between hypothesized parental influences and preschool children’s physical activity behavior. American Journal of Health Education, 4, 9-18. doi:10.1080/19325037 .2012.749685 Maccoby, E. E. (2000). Parenting and its effects on children: On reading and misreading behavior genetics. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, p. 1-27. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych .51.1.1 Rinaldi, C. M. & Howe, N. (2012). Mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles and association with toddlers’ externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behaviors. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 27(2), 266-273. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2011.08.001 Schary, D. P., Cardinal, B. J. & Loprinizi, P. D. (2012a). Parenting style associated with sedentary behavior in preschool children. Early Child Development and Care, 182(8), 1015-1026. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.678596 Schary, D. P., Cardinal, B. J. & Loprinizi, P. D. (2012b). Parental support exceeds parenting style for promoting active play in preschool children. Early Child Development and Care, 182, 1057-1069. doi:10.1080/03004430.2012.685622 Spera, C. (2005). A review of the relationship among parenting practice, parenting styles, and adolescent school achievement. Educational Psychology Review, 17, 125-146. doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1

The Ideology of War Essay - 836 Words

Since the first day of human civilization war is our constant companion. The first wars occurred when even governments did not exist. Nobody exactly knows when the first wars exactly happened but according to historians, it was in tribal times. These wars were for territories, food and slaves. What has changed with the nature of the war during these thousands of years? The nature is still the same. People kill each other and nobody wants it. At the contrast with our ancestors, we create the pretty envelope for our behavior. We create ideology. We stop simply killing each other because we want to. We kill each other because of religion, patriotism, democracy, nationalism and other reasons which now justify our behavior. Marjane Satrapi†¦show more content†¦Here again the narrator use the same method of representing the brainwashing process. We can see all boys are drawn in the same way. They represent the same monolith of the same emotions and feelings. At the same time, the layout of these pictures is also the same. Both of them have black layout like a representation of no hope or no escape from these repression methods. But one important difference is between these images. The eyes of girls are opened when boys already closed them. This is very symbolic moment. As we know most part of information human obtained through the vision. As a result, we can concluded that boys reject most of the information which they can receive. They are all in power of the government machine. Meanwhile girls, still can struggle against this government propaganda. The next topic is the pressure of the war on daily life. Everyone who has ever been in a war will never forget it. At the same time, it is not necessary to be on at the forefront with a rifle to understand what war is. Marjane has never seen a real battlefield but she felt on her own skin what the pressure of the war is. 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